Prehistoric footprints show labour division of Masai, Tanzania, Inspiring people, Folding Bikes, Off Load Apps on your Phone, 4 Masks you can make for yourself, Save Energy without Air-conditioning
Tuesday 6/2
Field Trip
TANZANIA's Masai People
Evolution and labour division between Males and Females
Prehistoric footprints are a remarkable and precious source of evidence for the behavior and biology of ancient organisms, capturing a snapshot of their lives in deep time. In a new paper in Nature Scientific Reports, our research team documented and interpreted an extraordinary site in northern Tanzania called Engare Sero, where hundreds of human footprints were preserved in volcanic ash many thousands of years ago.
What the prints describe
We meticulously traced each footprint trail and analyzed the size, spacings, and directions of the footprints. We determined that 17 of the footprint tracks were created by a single group of individuals walking at the same time in a southwesterly direction. Based on a sophisticated statistical analysis using a vast comparative data set of modern foot dimensions, this group likely consisted of mainly 14 adult females, with two adult males and one younger male.
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| The Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania |
Ngorongoro Crater is located 180 km (110 mi) west of Arusha and 320 km (200 mi) north of Dodoma in the Crater Highlands area of Tanzania. The crater is the world's largest volcanic caldera, formed by a large volcanic explosion about two to three million years ago. The region in and around the crater is today the Ngorongoro Conservation Area 
a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Image: epcp
cal·de·ra a UNESCO World Heritage Site.Image: epcp
Masai Today.
https://www.popsci.com/story/science/tanzanian-footprints/?utm_source=internal&utm_medium=email
The Maasai live in Kraals arranged in a circular fashion. The fence around the kraal is made of acacia thorns, which prevent lions from attacking the cattle. It is a man's responsibility to fence the kraal. While women construct the houses. Traditionally, kraals are shared by an extended family. However, due to the new land management system in the Maasai region, it is not uncommon to see a kraal occupied by a single family.
The Inkajijik (maasai word for a house) are loaf-shaped and made of mud, sticks, grass, cow dung and cow's urine. Women are responsible for making the houses as well as supplying water, collecting firewood, milking cattle and cooking for the family. Warriors are in charge security while boys are responsible for herding livestock. During the drought season, both warriors and boys assume the responsibility for herding livestock. The elders are directors and advisors for day-to-day activities. Every morning before livestock leave to graze, an elder who is the head of the inkang sits on his chair and announces the schedule for everyone to follow.
The Maasai are a semi-nomadic people who lived under a communal land management system. The movement of livestock is based on seasonal rotation. Contrary to many claims made by outsiders, particularly the Hardinian school of thought, this communal land management system allows us to utilize resources in a sustainable manner. Each section manages its own territory. Under normal conditions, reserve pastures are fallowed and guarded by the warriors. However, if the dry season becomes especially harsh, sections boundaries are ignored and people graze animals throughout the land until the rainy season arrives. According to Maasai traditional land agreement, no one should be denied access to natural resources such as water and land.
https://www.popsci.com/story/science/tanzanian-footprints/?utm_source=internal&utm_medium=email
INSPIRATIONAL PEOPLE
Amputee Triathletes and all Amputees
Amputee Triathletes and all Amputees
FOLDING BIKES
The $349.00 one.
Enjoy!
Don’t forget the helmet!
INFO YOU CAN USE FOR GOOD FOR YOU,
How to Offload apps you aren’t using to free up space if you have an iPhone
& Take back your PRIVATE INFORMATION
MASKS
Face mask basics
Recommendations about masks can easily get confusing, because all masks are not made equal. The N95 mask effectively prevents viral spread. These masks, when properly fitted, seal closely to the face and filter out 95% of particles 0.3 microns or larger. But N95 masks are in serious shortage even for medical professionals, who are exposed to the highest levels of SARS-CoV-2 and are most in need of the strongest protection against the virus. They're also difficult to fit correctly. For those reasons, the CDC does not recommend them for general use. livescience.com
The study also returned the odd result that most swabs from the outside of patient masks were positive for coronavirus and most from the inside were negative. The authors speculate that perhaps turbulent jets of air from coughing carried the virus toward the outside of the mask, but the explanation wasn't very satisfying, according to Jones.
The other study, published April 3 in the journal Nature Medicine, used a more sophisticated method of collecting the virus particles that sick people emit. The researchers asked 426 volunteers to breathe for 30 minutes into a cone-like device that captures everything exhaled. Of these, 43 patients had influenza, 54 patients had rhinoviruses and 17 patients had seasonal coronaviruses (the kinds that cause colds, not the kind that causes COVID-19). This method allowed the researchers to quantify how much virus was found in droplet particles, which are greater than 0.0002 inches (5 microns) in diameter, versus aerosol particles, which are 5 microns or smaller. The participants were randomized to either wear a surgical mask or not wear a mask during the study.
The first key finding was that the researchers detected virus in tiny aerosol particles in all cases: influenza, rhinoviruses and coronaviruses. In the case of influenza, they cultured the captured particles and discovered that they were infectious. That's important, said study author Ben Cowling, head of the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at The Hong Kong University, because there is a long-running debate among health professionals about whether influenza can spread via aerosols. The study suggests that it likely can, and that colds probably can too.
"For seasonal coronavirus and rhinovirus, we didn't attempt to culture the virus in the aerosols, but there is no reason to believe that the virus would not be infectious," Cowling told Live Science.
And as for masks? Surgical masks reduced the amount of virus released from a sick person in the form of droplets but not aerosols for influenza; the masks reduced coronavirus in both droplets and aerosols; and they didn't reduce either in rhinovirus. For the seasonal coronavirus, researchers found the virus in droplets in 3 out of 10 samples from participants not wearing masks and in aerosols in 4 out of 10 samples taken without masks. In samples taken with masks, no virus was detected in either droplets or aerosols.
The difference between viruses could have something to do with where in the respiratory tract these infectious invaders make their homes, said Cowling, who is also co-director of the WHO Collaborating Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control. For example, a virus that reproduces deep in the lungs might need to travel in smaller particles to make it all the way out into the world, while one that reproduces mostly in the nose and throat may be more easily mobilized in bigger droplets.
The results from influenza and seasonal coronaviruses suggest that surgical masks can help keep people with COVID-19 from spreading the virus, Cowling said. SARS-CoV-2 probably behaves similarly to the viruses he and his team studied, he said, and the fact that people can spread the virus before they experience symptoms is an argument for recommending masks for everyone.
Save Energy
As a rule of thumb, the higher the humidity, the closer the dew point is to the outdoor temperature. At 80°F and 75 percent humidity, for example, the dew point is 71°F. But at 52 percent humidity, it’s 59°F. Even if your window unit can cool the room to that point, you will be shiveringly uncomfortable.
So unless it’s extremely hot, extremely humid, or you’re really unlucky and it’s both, don’t rely on the wall unit to pull mugginess from the air. For the truly miserable days, get a dehumidifier.
Cool your Home without air conditioning
SCIENCE
GOATS
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Thanks for stopping by,
Have a great day & Learn Lots.
Eliza
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